Let's examine why option 1 is the correct answer by matching each item in List I with the corresponding item in List II.
A. Formalism
Formalism is a critical approach that emphasizes the form and structure of a literary work, often associated with Russian Formalists.
Viktor Shklovsky was a prominent Russian Formalist known for his work on "defamiliarization" (making the familiar seem strange), which is a key concept in Formalism.
So, A matches with III (Viktor Shklovsky).
B. New Critics
New Criticism is an approach that emphasizes close reading and analysis of the text itself, without consideration of authorial intent or historical context.
John Crowe Ransom is a well-known figure among the New Critics and was instrumental in developing New Criticism as a school of thought.
So, B matches with I (John Crowe Ransom).
C. Psychological Theory of the Value of Literature
This theory involves analyzing the psychological aspects and emotional responses literature evokes, often associated with early critics who explored the psychological impact of literature.
I.A. Richards was a major figure who contributed to this area, particularly through his work on the psychological and emotional impact of literature in his theories of literary value and response.
So, C matches with IV (I.A. Richards).
D. Literary Art as Archetypal Image
The idea of literary art as an archetypal image is rooted in archetypal criticism, which draws on concepts from Jungian psychology, focusing on universal symbols and patterns across literature.
The Jungians (followers of Carl Jung) are associated with this approach, as they focus on archetypes and collective unconscious in literature.
So, D matches with II (The Jungians).
The correct answer is:
A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
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