The correct answer is 2. Native speakerism because Adrian Holliday coined the term "native speakerism" to describe the ideological bias in English Language Teaching (ELT), where native English speakers are perceived as inherently superior to non-native speakers.
Explanation:
Native speakerism refers to the idealization of native English speakers and the marginalization of non-native speakers in language teaching and learning.
In traditional ELT methods, native speakers are often considered the best models for learning English, while non-native speakers are stereotyped as inferior in linguistic and pedagogical abilities.
Adrian Holliday criticized this belief, arguing that it perpetuates discrimination and ignores the diverse linguistic competencies of non-native English-speaking teachers (NNESTs).
Example- For instance, imagine a scenario in an English language class where the teacher, who is a native English speaker, consistently praises and gives higher grades to students who speak with an accent similar to their own.
Why Not the Other Options?
The near-native fallacy – This is not a widely recognized term in ELT. It might suggest the mistaken belief that non-native speakers must sound like near-native speakers to be considered proficient, but this is not Holliday's concept.
The native-speaker bias – While this phrase describes a similar issue, it is not the specific term Holliday used.
The non-native fallacy – This is not a known term in ELT discussions.
Thus, the correct answer is Native speakerism (Option 2).
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