The correct answer is 4 because it matches each concept in List I with the appropriate theorist in List II based on their theories and contributions. Here's the reasoning behind each match:
A. Competence/Performance → Noam Chomsky (I)
Noam Chomsky introduced the distinction between competence and performance in linguistics.
Competence refers to a speaker’s implicit knowledge of the rules of their language (the idealized, internalized system).
Performance refers to how this knowledge is applied in actual language use (observable behavior, which might be imperfect due to external factors).
B. Signifier/Signified → Ferdinand de Saussure (IV)
Ferdinand de Saussure is known for developing the structuralist theory of language and the concept of the sign.
He posited that language consists of two parts: the signifier (the "sound image" or word) and the signified (the concept or meaning the word represents).
C. Metaphor/Metonymy → Roman Jakobson (II)
Roman Jakobson was a structuralist linguist who analyzed different forms of figurative language, including metaphor and metonymy.
Metaphor is based on similarity (substitution), while metonymy is based on contiguity or association (contiguity in space or time). Jakobson categorized these as two primary tropes in human language and thought.
D. Content/Expression → Louis Hjelmslev (III)
Louis Hjelmslev, a linguist influenced by Saussure’s work, developed the theory of glossology and distinguished between content and expression.
Content refers to the "idea" or concept behind a linguistic unit, and expression refers to the "form" or material expression of the unit (such as words or sounds).
Thus, based on these connections, the correct answer is:
Year-wise PYQs
