In linguistic theory, particularly within the framework established by Noam Chomsky, the concept of 'performance' refers to how language is actually used in practice. Here’s a breakdown of why option 4 (B and D only) is the correct answer:
A. It is analogous to the Saussurean concept of langue.
This statement is incorrect. In Saussurean linguistics, 'langue' refers to the abstract, systemic set of rules and conventions of a language, while 'performance' in Chomskyan theory refers to the actual use of language. 'Performance' is not analogous to 'langue' but rather to 'parole,' which is Saussure’s term for the actual use of language in specific instances.
B. It refers to the specific utterances of individual native speakers in actual situations.
This statement is correct. 'Performance' refers to the real-time use of language, including the utterances and spoken interactions of individuals, as opposed to 'competence,' which refers to the abstract knowledge of language rules.
C. It is an innate grammar that suggests humans’ universal ability to use language.
This statement is incorrect. The innate grammar concept pertains to 'competence,' not 'performance.' 'Competence' refers to the internalized knowledge of language rules that all humans are born with, while 'performance' deals with actual language use.
D. It includes hesitations and unfinished structures arising out of psychological difficulties acting upon the speaker.
This statement is correct. 'Performance' encompasses the real-life, often imperfect use of language, including hesitations, repairs, and unfinished structures that may arise due to cognitive or psychological factors affecting the speaker.
Therefore, the correct choice is 4. B and D only because these statements accurately reflect the concept of 'performance' in linguistic theory.
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