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Literary Theory

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Read the Question carefully and choose the correct option.
Which of the following statements are correct about research methods?

A. Structuralism identifies structures in language, or systems of relationships with identities and meanings that shows us the ways in which we think.
B. Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of language systems distinguishes between langue and la parole.
C. Sometimes called the 'School of London', these new critics include Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, and Tzvetan Todorov.
D. Shklovsky pointed out literature's constant tendency towards estrangement and defamiliarization to move readers away from habitual responses to ordinary experience.
E. Jonathan Culler and Robert Scholes helped to bring psychoanalysis to the English language.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A, B, and D only
2. A, D, and E only
3. B, D, and E only
4. C, D, and E only

This Question came in
UGC-NET-English-05-January-2026-Shift-1-Q67
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Detailed Explanation & Answer
A- Correct: Structuralism (Saussure, Levi-Strauss) analyzes language structures revealing thought patterns.
B- Correct: Saussure distinguishes *langue* (system) from *parole* (speech).
C- Incorrect: 'School of London' refers to linguists like Firth; Barthes, Foucault, Todorov are French post-structuralists.
D- Correct: Shklovsky (Russian Formalism) coined 'estrangement' (*ostranenie*).
E- Incorrect: Culler/Scholes advanced structuralism, not psychoanalysis.

Thus, **A, B, D only** (Option 1).
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