The correct answer is 1. Mikhail Bakhtin because he coined the term "chronotope" in his theoretical work on literature, particularly in the context of narrative theory.
📘 Understanding "Chronotope"
Chronotope literally means "time-space" (from the Greek chronos = time, and topos = space). Bakhtin introduced this concept in his essay “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel” (1937–1938, published later).
🔹 Theoretical Background
Bakhtin was exploring how time and space are represented in narrative fiction, especially novels.
He argued that every narrative has a unique configuration of time and space, and this determines how characters and events are portrayed.
The chronotope allows the reader to locate characters and plot within a concrete historical and spatial reality, giving form and structure to the narrative.
Example: In the bildungsroman (coming-of-age novel), the chronotope is often a journey through time and space that mirrors the protagonist’s inner development.
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