Empirical Research
- Based on observations and experiences.
- It can be qualitative or quantitative.
- Doesn’t specifically focus on treating the world as “objects with standardized data.”
Action Research
- Practical, problem-solving, and improvement-oriented.
- Often participatory and context-driven.
- Not about standardized data but about improving practice.
Quantitative Research ✅
- Uses standardized instruments (tests, surveys, structured observations, etc.).
- Treats the physical and social world as measurable objects.
- Focus is on numerical data, statistical analysis, and generalization.
Example: Studying student performance using test scores, or analyzing social patterns with survey data.
Qualitative Research
- Deals with subjective meaning, lived experiences, narratives, contexts.
- Sees the social world as constructed and interpreted, not as “objects” with fixed measurable properties.
- Data: interviews, observations, texts—not standardized numbers.
Year-wise PYQs
